The diagnosis of cardiovascular disease is becoming more and more complicated. The diagnosis begins with a medical examination and patient history. This procedure can supplement various tests that may confirm or refute doctors' suspension of cardiovascular disease. Using an electric treadmill for exercise load testing, the patient is connected to the ECG and gained popularity in the past 10 years or so. This is a non-invasive test using a chest surface electrode that is sensitive to the electrical effects of the heart. A mechanical abnormality of the heart will show abnormal electrical pulses on the ECG strip. These are read and interpreted by doctors.
As the exercise protocol demands more and more physical strength, treadmill "walk test" heart is more and more difficult to meet the increasing oxygen demand. This test is more accurate for men than women. The gender differences in treadmill tests are not yet fully understood, but it is believed that female breasts and extra adipose tissue interfere with the chest electrodes receiving electrical impulses.
In some cases, a pedal test is necessary because it is more sensitive; however, it is also much more expensive. This involved injecting radioactive cesium in the last minute of the treadmill test. The sputum is accepted or ingested by normal heart muscle, but it is not a chemical myocardium. The absorption or non-absorption of cesium can be seen on the TV monitor. The 铊 stress test increases the susceptibility to diagnosis of cardiovascular disease to approximately 90%.
Echocardiography is a safe, non-invasive technique that uses sound waves to determine the size of the heart, the thickness of the wall, and the function of the valve. Cardiac catheterization is an invasive technique in which an elongated tube penetrates the coronary arteries from the blood vessels of the arms or legs. The liquid contrast dye that can be seen on the X-ray film is injected into the coronary arteries. X-ray films were taken by this procedure to determine the location and severity of coronary artery stenosis.
Medication
has developed a variety of drugs that lower blood pressure and cholesterol, minimize the possibility of blood clotting during heart attacks, and dissolve thrombi. Even aspirin plays an important role in preventing a second heart attack or initial heart attack. The more aspirin studied, the better it seems.
Surgical techniques also affect the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Coronary artery bypass surgery is designed to restore blood flow by removing the leg vein and sewing one end of the leg vein into the aorta and the other end into the coronary artery under the occlusion, thereby diverting blood around the occlusion area. To the heart muscle.
The internal mammary artery is also used for bypass grafts. In fact, many authorities consider these to be ideal grafts. There are two internal breast arms, but the left side of the chest is preferred because it is closer to the coronary arteries. Many surgeons prefer not to use two arteries in the same patient because blood flow to the chest can impair the healing of the surgical wound. In addition, making bypass grafts from these arteries is a time-consuming and delicate surgery, and only two of them, and they cannot reach all parts of the heart. The advantage is that 95% of the operations are still open 10 years after surgery.
Balloon angioplasty Use a catheter with a shaped balloon at the tip. The catheter is positioned at the stenosis of the artery and the balloon is inflated, which causes the plaque to rupture and compress, stretching the artery wall and expanding the blood vessel to allow greater blood flow. Laser angioplasty uses heat to burn off plaque if the catheter can be manipulated to the correct position. This technique seems to be useful for certain types of patients with atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusion. Coronary artery resection is one of the latest technologies and it uses a special tipped catheter with a high-speed rotating cutting blade to scrape plaque.
Catheterization has also been used to implant coronary stents in diseased arteries. The stent is a flexible metal tube that functions like a stent to support the wall of the diseased artery, thus maintaining a clear flow of blood. The stent is positioned in this artery by having a balloon inside the stent. If placed correctly, the balloon will inflate, causing the stent to expand. This action extends the artery. The balloon is then removed leaving the stent unfolding to keep the blood vessels open.
This technique shows great promise, but the main limitation associated with surgery is that it increases the risk of thrombosis at the stent site. To solve this problem, patients are given blood-thinning drugs 2 to 3 months after implantation, and then aspirin is maintained after them.
Prosthetic valves have been developed to replace defective heart valves, and these valves work well. On the other hand, the artificial (mechanical) heart has not reached the desired value because modern technology has not yet produced a sufficiently smooth surface to simulate the natural interior of the human heart. Valves in these devices still have blood clotting. However, when the patient waits for the heart to be transplanted, the mechanical assist device has been successfully used to help the failing heart.
Heart transplantation extends many lives. The prospects for patients have improved due to the development and use of anti-rejection drugs cyclosporine. The 5-year survival rate is as high as 72%.
A candidate for transplantation is a disease in which the heart is irreversibly affected by conventional treatment. Without new hearts, these people will die. In 1968, 23 heart transplants were performed, and in 1993, 2298 surgeries were performed. The main problems associated with heart transplantation include too few donors, purchasing compatible donor hearts, and recipients constantly fighting organ rejection.
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Orignal From: Treatment and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases
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